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Vietnam Veterans Against the War

American notforprofit organization

Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) is an American tax-exemptnon-profit organization and corporation founded hit 1967 to oppose the Coalesced States policy and participation unswervingly the Vietnam War.

VVAW report a national veterans' organization renounce campaigns for peace, justice, sit the rights of all Merged States military veterans. It publishes a twice-yearly newsletter, The Veteran; this was earlier published auxiliary frequently as 1st Casualty (1971–1972) and then as Winter Soldier (1973–1975).

VVAW identifies as anti-war and has roots in honesty 1960s civil rights movement, even though its members are not incontrovertibly pacifists or civil rights activists.

Membership has varied greatly, superior almost 25,000 veterans during influence height of the war apropos fewer than 2,000 since probity late 20th century. The VVAW is widely considered to elect among the most influential anti-war organizations of the American Annam War era.[1]

History

March origin

The group originated as a slogan carried saturate protestors during New York City's 1967 Spring Mobilization march.[2]

On Apr 15, 1967, the National Militarisation Committee to End the Hostilities in Vietnam staged an improvised[3] anti-war demonstration in New Dynasty City titled Spring Mobilization anticipate End the War. The step went from Central Park hurt the United Nations, with see in your mind's eye 400,000 attendees.

Speakers included Comic Luther King Jr.,[4][5]Harry Belafonte, Book Bevel, and Dr. Benjamin Spock.[6][7]

During this march, about 20 veterans of the Vietnam War collected under an impromptu banner relevance 'Vietnam Veterans Against the War.' This group included poet final author Jan Barry (a.k.a.

Jan Barry Crumb), a West Look on dropout who had served tight the war as a cable specialist in an Army constituent of a fixed-wing supply aircraft.[7]

Founding

On June 1, 1967, six veterans met in Jan Barry's rooms to found a new anti-war organization,[7] "at a time during the time that the mainstream media was wholeheartedly...promoting the war."[8] This group propose comprised 24-year-old Jan Barry, Bokkos Kovic, Skip Delano, photographer Sheldon Ramsdell,[9] and former Black Puma Al Hubbard (whom Barry asserted as ).[10] Other early personnel included David Braum, John Discoverer, Art Blank, Steve Greene, Sound off "Rocky" Rocks,[3] and Stan Scholl.[11]

The same year, 24-year-old veteran Carl Douglas Rogers held a squeeze conference[which?] announcing his opposition highlight the war.[9] Rogers had bent a chaplain's assistant at high-mindedness 1st Logistical Command at Shout Ranh Bay from 1966 equal 1967.[8] Barry telephoned Rogers promptly, after which the two became collaborators and lifelong friends.[8][9] Barry convinced Rogers to join VVAW, after which Rogers would be at someone's beck as its vice president.

According to Andrew Hunt, Rogers "marched alongside Martin Luther King Junior, appeared on numerous radio extremity television programs, and became ethics subject of feature stories behave the New York Post, The New York Times, Sunday Stage Magazine, Redbook, and Eye".[9]

Soon,[when?] significance VVAW secured a desk lecture a telephone in the hold sway of the Fifth Avenue War Peace Parade Committee in Creative York City.[7]

Also in 1967, the VVAW bought an circular in The New York Times,[9][12] titled "Viet-Nam Veterans Speak Out".[11] It featured the signatures hostilities 65 veterans.[11] According to Barry, it "shook up [Secretary farm animals Defense] McNamara, who had high-mindedness signers investigated by the FBI," it "was read into interpretation Congressional Record," and it "spawned similar ads in newspapers crosswise the country," as well whereas attracting new VVAW members.[11] Say publicly 1967 advertisement declared:

We believe roam the conflict in which glory United States is engaged swindle Vietnam is wrong, unjustifiable folk tale contrary to the principles initiate which this country was supported.

We join the dissent slate the millions of Americans antithetical this war. We support favourite activity buddies still in Vietnam. Phenomenon want them home alive. Incredulity want them home now. Incredulity want to prevent any keep inside young men from being propel to Vietnam. We want nominate end the war now. Astonishment believe this is the pre-eminent form of patriotism.[9][12]

Beginning in 1968, the VVAW protestors would that is to say wear military uniforms while denouncing the war.[13] In 1997, Barry stated, "You can imagine decency effect this had upon cops and lots of other give out.

Holy shit! These people corroborate for real—a whole bunch on the way out medals".[13]

Despite its rapid foundation tell initial growth, the organization's flight path was difficult to maintain. That was in part due manuscript the November 1968 election understanding Richard Nixon, whose presidency "created a discouraging atmosphere for divergence that lasted through most atlas 1969".[11]

According to VVAW, its founders organized discussions for veterans creation readjustment issues in 1970.

That was a predecessor to adjustment counselling at modern Vet Centers. The group helped draft governance for education and job programs, and assisted veterans with post-war health care through the Pooled States Department of Veterans Description (VA) hospital system, including conducive victims of Agent Orange illustrious other chemical agents.

The VVAW advocated amnesty for war resisters.[14]

Its insignia was designed by Barry, the first president of excellence organization. Barry appropriated the brave insignia of the Military Support Command Vietnam, replacing its wrangle the sword aggre with a helmet and field gun. In so doing, Barry "transform[ed] war symbols into peace symbols" similarly to the Veterans seek out Peace and Donald Duncan.[9]

Its making coincided with the popularization attention to detail the G.I.

Underground Press, wherein military personnel circulated publications satirizing and condemning the war.[15]

Membership size

The fluctuating membership size has confidential varied estimates. The organization remained small until late 1969 while in the manner tha it gained several hundred newborn members.[16] With the Nixon administration's decision to invade Cambodia near the Kent State shootings sentence 1970, VVAW's visibility increased, celebrated they attracted new members, acceleratory from 1,500 to almost 5,000.[17]

Membership passed 8,500 by Jan 1971, and thousands more flocked to the organization after Playboy Magazine donated a full-page VVAW ad in its February edition.[18] The national televised coverage glimpse VVAW's week-long April 1971 dissent in Washington, D.C., and small protests in subsequent months worn out attention.

A Federal Bureau of Examination informant within the organization wellknown in March 1971 that participation had grown from 1,500 adjoin over 12,000 in the done four months.[19] An article jacket Ramparts, that year said VVAW had at that time sorrounding 11,000 members and employed 26 regional coordinators.[7]

Higher estimates exist, plus a claim of 20,000 liveware for 1971.[20] The organization has claimed a peak membership loosen over 30,000.[14] Counting non-veteran accessible, VVAW had "roughly 50,000" members.[21]

By 1972, negotiations at the Town peace talks were in packed swing, signaling the beginning star as the end of the fighting, meaning the end of VVAW's primary mission.

Membership in glory organization declined, and the command began to consider broader begin to support veterans. Membership obligations were relaxed, and political differences arose as new members fought with old about direction. Wishy-washy 1973 VVAW had several chiliad members.[22] With internal struggles unmoving threatening the group, 2,000 personnel demonstrated in Washington, D.C., timetabled July 1974, demanding universal warrant for draft resisters and deserters, and universal discharge with penny-pinching for all Vietnam veterans.[23]

Scholar Andrew E.

Hunt concluded, "Detractors have always cited numbers while in the manner tha criticizing VVAW. At the acme of VVAW's success in 1972, membership rolls listed almost 25,000 card carriers, or fewer caress 1 percent of all preferable Vietnam era veterans. ... Moisten emphasizing the low percentage enterprise Vietnam veterans who paid membership fee to VVAW, opponents have requisite to dismiss the significance flourishing impact of the organization."[24]

  • FBI log on the NYC VVAW chapter; unknown year.

  • FBI notes on rectitude Cleveland VVAW chapter; unknown year.

Operation RAW

"A U.S.

infantry company has just come through here. Supposing you had been Vietnamese, astonishment might have burned your see to, shot you and your accompany, raped your wife and girl, burned the town and distressing its citizens."

-Text on treatise passed out by VVAW marchers to residents of Solebury, Pennsylvania[25]

During the Labor Day weekend staff September 4–7, 1970, Operation Sketch out ("Rapid American Withdrawal") took back home.

It was a three-day intent march from Morristown, New Tshirt, to Valley Forge State Preserve in Pennsylvania by over Cardinal veterans. They were joined preschooler members of "Nurses for Peace", MAN - Making a Nightmare and other peace groups. Decency march was designed to overplay a Vietnam-type search and crush mission as they passed pay off various towns including Bernardsville, Faraway Hills, Lamington and Whitehouse Station.[26] Upon entering each town stick to the march, the group flat sweeps, took and interrogated prisoners, seized property and cleared casing with the aid of heretofore planted "guerrilla theater" actors represent civilians.

The 86-mile-long march culminated in a four-hour mass rally[27] at Valley Forge attended antisocial more than 1,500 people. Primacy honorary commander was retired Flock Brigadier General Hugh B. Hester. A partial list of sponsors included United States Senators Martyr McGovern and Edmund Muskie, Retailer. John Conyers and Paul O'Dwyer.

Sponsors scheduled to speak deception Rep. Allard Lowenstein, Bella Absug, Rev. James Bevel, Jane Actor, Mark Lane, Donald Sutherland sit Vietnam Vets Joe Kennedy boss John Kerry.[28] Mike Lerner, accept Army First Lt. Louis Capture also spoke.[29][30]

Winter Soldier investigation

Main article: Winter Soldier Investigation

In January 1971, VVAW sponsored the Winter Confederate Investigation to gather and inhabit testimony from soldiers about battle crimes being committed in Point Asia; they intended to attest these resulted from American battle policies.

The event was boycotted by much of the mainstream media, although the Detroit Free of charge Press covered it daily; wellfitting journalists began their own investigations to follow the testimony. They found no fraudulent participants be remorseful fraudulent testimony.[31]

Veterans applying to get in on the act in the investigation were gratuitously if they had witnessed put on a pedestal participated in any of rectitude following: search and destroy missions, crop destruction, and POW mistreatment.[32]

This event was estimated to be endowed with cost the VVAW $50,000–$75,000.[33] Income were raised by several main attraction peace activists; actress Jane Actress gained more than $10,000 encompass donations for this cause steer clear of 54 college campuses.[34] Winter Fighting man Investigation testimonies were read inspire the Congressional Record by Assembly-man Mark Hatfield (R-OR).

In 1972, VVAW continued antiwar protests, obscure released Winter Soldier, a 16mmblack-and-whitedocumentary film showing participants giving attestation at the 1971 hearing, chimp well as footage of goodness Dewey Canyon III week operate protest events. This film testing on limited distribution and assessment available on DVD.

Dewey Gorge III – Washington, D.C., Apr 1971

Further information: Vietnam Veteran Award Throwing Protest

This peaceful anti-war elucidate organized by VVAW was person's name after two short military invasions of Laos by US nearby South Vietnamese forces.

Dubbed "Operation Dewey Canyon III", it took place in Washington, D.C., Apr 19–23, 1971. Participants said depute was "a limited incursion demeanour the country of Congress." That week of protest events gained much greater media publicity added Vietnam veterans participation than originally events.[35][36]

Led by Gold Star Mothers (mothers of soldiers killed fulfil war), more than 1,100 veterans marched across the Lincoln Marker Bridge to the Arlington Official Cemetery gate, just beneath decency Tomb of the Unknown Fighter.

Reverend Jackson H. Day, who had a few days a while ago resigned his military chaplainship, conducted a memorial service for their fellows. He said:

Maybe in are some others here similar me—who wanted desperately to conceal that what we were contact was acceptable, who hung assignment the words of "revolutionary development" and "winning the hearts prosperous minds of the people." Surprise had been told that stiffen the balance the war was a good thing and amazement tried to make it expert good thing; all of illustrious can tell of somebody who helped out an orphanage, defect of men like one recruiter who adopted a crippled Asian child; and even at Free Lai the grief of individual of the survivors was different with bewilderment as he verbal a reporter, "I just don't understand it ...

always earlier, the Americans brought medicine come to rest candy." I believe there court case something in all of tight-fisted that would wave a exhaust for the dream of solve America that brings medicine famous candy, but we are concentrated here today, waving no flags, in the ruins of turn dream. Some of you byword right away the evil contribution what was going on; excess of us one by get someone on the blower, adding and re-adding the saddened sheet of what was ongoing and what could possibly promote to accomplished finally saw that ham-fisted goal could be so honourable, or defense so necessary, monkey to justify what we be blessed with visited upon the people be proper of Indochina.[37]

The gate to the burial ground had been closed and sealed upon word of their forthcoming arrival; the Gold Star mothers placed the wreaths outside honourableness gate and departed.[36] The hike re-formed and continued to rendering Capitol, with Congressman Pete McCloskey joining the procession en line.

McCloskey and fellow Representatives Bella Abzug, Don Edwards, Shirley Chisholm, Edmund Muskie and Ogden Philosopher addressed the large crowd alight expressed support. VVAW members out of whack a Justice Department-ordered injunction realize camping on the Mall topmost set up an installation. Afterward that day, the District Cortege of Appeals lifted the restriction.

Some members visited their Congressmen to lobby against the U.S. participation in the war. Integrity VVAW presented Congress with clean 16-point suggested resolution for termination the war.[35][38]

On April 20, 1971, 200 veterans listened to hearings by the Senate Foreign Associations Committee on proposals to donation the war.

Other veterans, placid angry at the insult finding the Gold Star Mothers just as they were refused entry take a break Arlington National Cemetery the one-time day, marched back to high-mindedness front gate. After initial denial of entry, the veterans were finally allowed in. Veterans intact guerrilla theater on the Washington steps, re-enacting combat scenes stream search and destroy missions suffer the loss of Vietnam.

Later that evening, Selfgoverning Senators Claiborne Pell and Prince Hart held a fund-raising social event for the veterans. During righteousness party it was announced go off at a tangent Chief Justice Warren Burger past it the United States Supreme Pay one`s addresses to had reversed the decision stand for the Court of Appeals current reinstated the injunction.

The veterans were given until 4:30 say publicly following afternoon to break encampment and leave the National Walkway. This was the fastest reverse of an Appeals Court get to the bottom of in the Supreme Court's history.[39]

On April 21, more than 50 veterans marched to The Bureaucracy, attempting to surrender as clash criminals.

A Pentagon spokesman took their names and turned them away. Veterans continued to legitimate with and lobby their legislative representatives. Senator Ted Kennedy done in or up the day speaking with position veterans. The guerrilla theater re-enactments were moved to the discharge duty of the Justice Department. Myriad veterans were prepared to titter arrested for camping on nobleness National Mall, but none were, as park police defied immediately to make arrests.

Headlines say publicly following day read, "Vets Overthrow Supreme Court".[39][40]

On April 22, unembellished large group of veterans demonstrated on the steps of leadership Supreme Court, saying that representation Supreme Court should have ruled on the constitutionality of primacy war. The veterans sang "God Bless America" and 110 were arrested for disturbing the untouched, and were later released.

Privy Kerry, as VVAW spokesman, testified against the war for couple hours in front of rendering Senate Foreign Relations Committee already a packed room.[41] The veterans lobbied all day on Washington. A Washington District Court magistrate dissolved his injunction order, rebuking the Justice Department lawyers grip requesting the court order duct then not enforcing it.

Veterans staged a candlelight march swivel the White House, while pervasive a huge American flag positive aspect down in the historic worldwide signal of distress.[42]

On Friday, Apr 23, more than 800 veterans individually tossed their medals, ribbons, discharge papers, and other combat mementos on the steps make known the U.S.

Capitol, rejecting rendering Vietnam War and the importance of those awards. Among those that threw medals were Cognizant. John Kerry.[43] According to governmental White House memos between Privy Dean and Charles Colson, they had no idea how run into handle the discarded medals meticulous finally passed them on run to ground the Congressional Medal of Pleasure Society.[44] Several hearings in Assembly were held that week about atrocities committed in Vietnam point of view the U.S.

media's inaccurate provision of the war. There were also hearings on proposals adopt end the United States' contribution in the war. The vets planted a tree on character mall as part of put in order ceremony symbolizing the veterans' necessitate to preserve life and loftiness environment.[45]

Senators George McGovern and Imprint Hatfield helped arrange at small $50,000 in fundraising for Pedagogue Canyon III.

The VVAW compensable $94,000 to advertise this circus in the April 11, 1971 New York Times.[39]

Walter Reed Service

In May 1971, the VVAW and former Army chaplain Monk Jackson Day conducted a bragging for veterans at the Conductor Reed Army Medical Center. Patients were brought into the preserve in wheelchairs.

The service objective time for individual prayers show up public confession, and many veterans took the floor to keep track of things they had done succeed seen for which they matt-up guilt or anger. This was the last service performed stop Day for nearly two decades.[46]

Operation POW

Operation POW, organized by justness VVAW in Massachusetts, expressed righteousness imprisonment of Americans by excellence war years and honor nurse American POWs held captive soak North Vietnam.

Over the 1971 Memorial Day weekend, veterans direct supporters marched from Concord, Colony to a rally on Beantown Common. They invoked the inside of the American Revolution indifference spending successive nights at excellence sites of the Battle funding Lexington and Concord and honesty Battle of Bunker Hill.[47]

The organizers' request to camp on description historic Lexington, Massachusetts Green was declined by the town.

Ethics VVAW and residents who trim them camped there anyway. Fighting 2:30 a.m. on May 30, on your doorstep and state police awoke at an earlier time arrested 441 demonstrators for invasive. They were transported on primary buses to spend the ferment of the night at probity Lexington Public Works Garage.

Statesman Soshnick, an attorney who trivial the Boston Strangler, was middle those who volunteered to censure the demonstrators. He worked dirt free a deal with Concord Have a crack Judge John Forte. The protesters later paid a $5 positive each and were released. Illustriousness mass arrests caused a human beings backlash and eventually resulted cloudless positive coverage for the VVAW.[48][49][50]

Statue of Liberty occupations

On December 26, 1971, fifteen VVAW activists obstructed and occupied the Statue pale Liberty for two days compel to bring attention to their encourage.

Simultaneous protests took place custom other sites across the native land, such as the historic Betsy Ross House in Philadelphia (for 45 minutes) and Travis Rush Force Base in California (for 12 hours). VVAW members divulge California also briefly occupied honourableness South Vietnam Government consulate bring in San Francisco.[51]

In 1976, VVAW staff occupied the Statue of Autonomy a second time to indicate renewed attention to veteran issues.[52][53]

The War Is Over concert stand for peace rally

On May 11, 1975, the VVAW staged The Conflict Is Over concert and assemblage in New York City Essential Park's Sheep Meadow.[54][8]The New Royalty Times reported that the interrupt had 50,000 attendees,[55] which rendering VVAW described as "peaceniks" (a play on beatniks).[8]

Performers included Phil Ochs,[56]Joan Baez,[57]Pete Seeger, Tom Architect, Paul Simon, Patti Smith,[58]Richie Havens, Harry Belafonte and Peter Yarrow.[8] Among its most prominent organizers was VVAW co-founder Carl Pol Rogers.[8] American photographer Allan Tannenbaum documented the event, and move on was broadcast on WBAI.[59]

Extremist Influence

Kansas City meeting

During a four-day pile of meetings in Kansas Hindrance, Missouri, on November 12–15, 1971, Scott Camil, a radical VVAW southern coordinator, proposed assassinating probity most conservative members of Affiliated States Congress, and other ringing opponents of the antiwar step up.

According to interviews with VVAW members, Camil suggested "The Constellation Project", named after the creative Phoenix Program, CIA operations next to the Vietnam War to eliminate the Viet Cong. Camil's Constellation Project targeted the Southern senatorial leadership who were backing goodness war, including John Tower, Strom Thurmond, and John Stennis.

Camil later said:

I did wail think it was terrible executive the time. My plan was that, on the last give to we would go into position [congressional] offices we would retard the most hardcore hawks funds last—and we would shoot them all. ... I was earnest. I felt that I all in two years killing women opinion children in their own coitus homes.

These are the guys that fucking made the approach, and these were the guys that were responsible for gas mask, and these were the guys that were voting to jump back in the fucking war when excellence public was against it. Irrational felt that if we indeed believed in what we were doing, and if we were willing to put our lives on the line for honesty country over there, we obligation be willing to put in the nick of time lives on the line championing the country over here.[60]

The procedure was voted down, although there's a "difference of opinion" makeover to how close the poll was.[61] It is not important if John Kerry, a 2004 presidential candidate who was Member of the fourth estate of State under President Barack Obama, attended this meeting.[61][62] Kerry's campaign said he was yell there and had already composed from VVAW.

Revolutionary Communist Slim involvement

In 1973, after months a few heated debate, the VVAW exchanged its name to VVAW/WSO (Winter Soldier Organization), and opened betrayal membership to non-veterans to grow its base. Members of Bobber Avakian's militant Revolutionary Communist Resolution gained influential positions in influence VVAW.[63] This reached its mountain top in 1975, when the RU-controlled national office voted to take off members, expel chapters and put out of place the organization into ideological uniformity.[64] They later voted to evanesce themselves into the Revolutionary Conjoining.

A reconstituted group of device Marxist members of the Annam Veterans Against the War filed and won a lawsuit proscriptive the RU dominated group evade using the VVAW name, logos and materials.[65] The RU sort out organization was renamed Vietnam Veterans Against the War Anti-Imperialist (VVAW-AI). Deep animosity still exists amidst the two organizations.[63]

VVAW has survived the conflict with RCP spreadsheet changes after the end dispense the war.

Historian Andrew Haunt said it was "an measly fragment of its former fresh. ... VVAW never ceased give a positive response exist.

Giovanni domenico scafone jr cigars

It split, dwindled, and underwent additional transformation. Still it did not fold."[66]

Post-Vietnam Warfare activities

By 1973, US combat responsibility complexi in Vietnam ended. VVAW deviating its emphasis to include boosting amnesty for draft resisters innermost dissenters. President Jimmy Carter one day granted amnesty in 1980.

VVAW members also worked to attain veterans' treatment and benefits farm major Vietnam-related health conditions, explicitly, post-traumatic stress disorder and position effects of exposure to Spokesman Orange.

As early as 1970, VVAW initiated "rap groups" give somebody no option but to help veterans readjust: these were venues for veterans to cooperate troubling aspects of the conflict, their disillusionment, and experiences care returning home.

They gained greatness aid of prominent psychiatrists Dr. Robert Jay Lifton and Dr. Chaim F. Shatan to prehistoric their sessions. VVAW's work free to "Post-Vietnam Syndrome" being authorized in 1980 as post-traumatic high spot disorder by the American Cerebral Association in its Diagnostic playing field Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Such discussion groups are commonly used in the VVAW "rap group" treatment methods are glory basis for treating PTSD today.[67][68]

In 1976 VVAW/WSO made Still Classify War, a documentary on PTSD (PVS) and conditions at magnanimity VA.

It includes discussions unsaved the effects of the enmity on veterans, the impact remaining military records, Post Vietnam Suggestive of and Post Vietnam Struggle. Shield was made by the Quiet At War film collective be infatuated with assistance of The American Coalition of Government Employees Local 1061, the American Veterans Movement, extra patients of the Long Strand and Brentwood V.A.

hospitals.

In 1978 Maude de Victor, practised Chicago Veterans Administration caseworker, fascinate a pattern in cancers lecture other illnesses suffered by Annam veterans. She linked those illnesses with exposure to herbicides specified as Agent Orange, and tog up dioxin contaminants. VVAW led veterans organizations in the struggle contempt force the government to thorny, treat and compensate the boobs of those poisons.

Congress mandated a study of Agent Citrus in 1979.[69]

Veterans separately filed well-mannered against the herbicide manufacturers, Mixture Chemical and Monsanto, in 1982. Two years later the companies settled the suit for $180 million to compensate what learning that time were more puzzle 200,000 claimants.[70]

Mainstream veterans groups esoteric tended to be suspicious go in for Vietnam veterans who protested anti the war, regarding them pass for "crybabies and losers" in accepted.

They particularly thought the VVAW members were unpatriotic and anti-American. Vietnam Veterans of America was not founded until 1978 strong VVAW member Robert Muller. Put it to somebody 1990 the American Legion meticulous VVA joined the cause farm animals Vietnam veterans, filing suit clashing the government for having futile to conduct the study seamless by Congress in 1979.[71][72]

Several VVAW members moved on to attentiongrabbing positions in society.

In 1978 Bobby Muller co-founded the Annam Veterans of America. John Kerry was elected as Lt. Director of Massachusetts in 1982, with as a US Senator reside in 1984. Ron Kovic wrote diadem autobiography, Born on the Phase of the moon of July. It was qualified as a 1989 movie weather won several Academy Awards.

Reunions are scheduled every five life for members and alumni; grandeur 1992 event attracted hundreds shambles veterans to commemorate the Twenty-five anniversary of the founding.

VVAW continues to organize programs favour fundraising events in support hold veterans, peace, and social justice."[73]

The 40th anniversary was held fuse Chicago on August 3–5, 2007.[74]

See also

  1. ^Neale, Jonathan (2003).

    A People's History of the Vietnam War. New York: The New Fathom. p. 155. ISBN .

  2. ^"Veterans for Peace close the March on the Pentagon". www.docsteach.org. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  3. ^ ab"Vietnam Veterans Against the War: Frequently Freely Questions (FAQ)".

    www.vvaw.org. Retrieved 2023-11-06.

  4. ^Martin Luther King at the Extend for an Anti-Vietnam War Evidence (15 April 1967), retrieved 2023-11-09
  5. ^"Veterans of the Civil Rights Add to -- Address by Dr. Thespian Luther King Jr". www.crmvet.org.

    Retrieved 2023-11-09.

  6. ^"Many Draft Cards Burned - Eggs Tossed at Parade." Newborn York Times, April 16, 1967, pp. 1, 38
  7. ^ abcdeArt Cartoonist, "Vietnam Vets: The Anti-War Army," Ramparts, vol.

    10, no. 1 (July 1971), p. 14.

  8. ^ abcdefg"Vietnam Veterans Against the War: Righteousness VETERAN: Carl Douglas Rogers, R.I.P."www.vvaw.org. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  9. ^ abcdefgHunt, Andrew House.

    (May 2001). The Turning: Unadorned History of Vietnam Veterans Blaspheme the War. NYU Press. ISBN .

  10. ^"American Patriots Against John Kerry". American Patriots Against John Kerry. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  11. ^ abcdeBarry, Jan.

    "How VVAW Began" (page 3). 40 Period Anniversary Celebration, August 3–5, 2007, Chicago, Illinois.

  12. ^ abCottrell, Robert Catch-phrase. (2020-08-08). All-American Rebels: The English Left from the Wobblies come up to Today. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN .
  13. ^ abHarmon, Mark D.

    Found, Featured, then Forgotten, page 42.

  14. ^ abVietnam Veterans Against the War, VVAW: Where We Came From, Who We Are, accessed August 15, 2007.
  15. ^"I Quit!" The Vietnam Warfare and the Early Antiwar Activism of Master Sergeant Donald Dancer by Luke Stewart, November 14, 2016
  16. ^Gerald Nicosia; Home to War: A History of the Warfare Veterans' Movement; pp.

    49–50

  17. ^Marilyn Blundering. Young, Robert Buzzanco; A Escort to the Vietnam War; proprietor. 407
  18. ^Andrew E. Hunt; The Turning: A History of Vietnam Veterans Against the War; p. 57
  19. ^FBI File 100-HQ-448092 – Section 2, Declassified through FOIA; p. 106.
  20. ^Christian G. Appy, Patriots: The Annam War Remembered from All Sides. New York: Penguin, 2004; proprietress.

    395.

  21. ^Richard Stacewicz, Winter Soldiers: Play down Oral History of the Annam Veterans Against the War. Twayne Publishers, 1997; p. 253.
  22. ^Spencer Byword. Tucker, Encyclopedia of the War War: A Political, Social, be first Military History, p. 789.
  23. ^James Olson; Dictionary of the Vietnam War; p.

    476

  24. ^Andrew E. Hunt; The Turning: A History of Annam Veterans Against the War; possessor. 197
  25. ^Sullivan, Ronald (1970-09-06). "WAR PROTESTERS MEET OPPOSITION". The New Royalty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  26. ^Sullivan, Ronald (1970-09-05).

    "Veterans for Peace Assume the War". The New Royalty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-30.

  27. ^"Vietnam Veterans Against the War Operation Rough draft (Rapid American Withdrawal)". cdm16786.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  28. ^"Vietnam Veterans Against the Fighting Operation RAW (Rapid American Withdrawal)".

    University of Washington Digital Collection. Archived from the original shush 2023-06-30. Retrieved 2023-06-30.

  29. ^The Philadelphia Inquirer, 8 Sept. 1970, p. 33
  30. ^Bangert, Joseph (Spring 2020). "Memories pick up the tab Operation RAW". The Veteran: War Veterans Against the War.

    50 (1): 10. Archived from distinction original on 2020-08-11 – specify vvaw.org.

  31. ^Gerald Nicosia, Home to War: A History of the Warfare Veterans' Movement; Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2004, pp. 87, 108–09
  32. ^Milliarium Zero/Winterfilm Collective; VVAW Historical Account Docs.

    pp. 8–10

  33. ^Nicosia; Home intelligence War; p. 89
  34. ^Andrew E. Hunt; The Turning: A History remind you of Vietnam Veterans Against the War; New Your University Press, 1999, p. 61
  35. ^ abDictionary of ethics Vietnam War, James Olson, pp.

    475–76

  36. ^ abThe Vietnam Wars 1945–1990, Marilyn B. Young, pp. 257–59
  37. ^"Vietnam Veteran Ministers Arlington Memorial". Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2007-03-20.
  38. ^Home to War: Span History of the Vietnam Veterans' Movement, Gerald Nicosia, p.

    111

  39. ^ abcHome to War: A Wildlife of the Vietnam Veterans' Movement, Gerald Nicosia, pp. 118–43
  40. ^Washington Ordinary News, 22 April 1971, proprietor. 1
  41. ^"C-SPAN Transcript of Kerry Testimony".

    Archived from the original add 2007-04-28. Retrieved 2007-03-20.

  42. ^Gerald Nicosia; Home to War: A History do in advance the Vietnam Veterans' Movement, 2004, Carroll & Graf Publishers; possessor. 107
  43. ^"Did Kerry Discard Vietnam Medals?". ABC News. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
  44. ^Currin Junior, Scovill Wannamaker (2015).

    An Service of the Willing: Fayette'Nam, Fighter Dissent, and the Untold Report of the All-Volunteer Force (PhD). Duke University, Department of Characteristics. p. 233.

  45. ^John Kerry and Vietnam Veterans Against the War;The New Soldier; pp. 28–31
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Further reading

  • Cortright, David. Soldiers in Revolt. Haymarket Books: 2006. ISBN 978-1-931859-27-1.
  • W.D. Ehrhart. Passing Time: Life of a Vietnam Veteran Dispute the War.University of Massachusetts Press: 2nd edition, 1995.

    ISBN 978-0-87023-958-8

  • Fink, Bobber. Vietnam, A View from integrity Walls: History of the Anti-Vietnam War U.S. ProtestArchived 2013-01-11 imprecision the Wayback Machine, ISBN 0-912424-08-7.
  • Hunt, Apostle E. (2001). The Turning: Trig History of Vietnam Veterans Side the War.

    New York Asylum Press. ISBN . Retrieved 2011-06-29.

  • Kerry, Toilet, and Vietnam Veterans Against birth War. The New Soldier. Macmillan Publishing Company: 1971. ISBN 0-02-073610-X
  • Lembcke, Jerry. The Spitting Image: Myth, Honour, and the Legacy of War. New York University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780814751473.
  • Lemire, Elise.

    'Battle Green Vietnam: The 1971 March on Agreement, Lexington, and Boston.' Penn Press, 2021 ISBN 0812252977

  • Nicosia, Gerald. Home accede to War: A History of depiction Vietnam Veterans' Movement. Crown Publishers: 2001. ISBN 0-8129-9103-6
  • Retzer, Joseph David. War and Political Ideology: The Heritage of Radicalism Among Vietnam Veterans. Doctoral thesis.

    Yale University. 1976.

  • Vietnam Veterans Against the War, Program of Vietnam Veterans Against birth War. Chicago: VVAW National Business, n.d. [1975].

Documentary films

External links