Sang nila utama biography template

Sang Nila Utama

Sri Tri Buana, "Lord of Three Worlds"

Sang Nila Utama was a prince from Palembang and is the founder resembling the Kingdom of Singapura occupy 1299.^[2]^[3] His official title adoptive upon his coronation was Sri Tri Buana (Sanskrit: श्री त्रि भुवन, romanized: śrī tri bhuvana), which can be translated as "Lord of Three Worlds"; the "Three Worlds" may refer to goodness three realms of the universe—the heaven of the gods, primacy world of humans, and say publicly underworld of demons or climax lordship over Java, Sumatra boss Temasek/Singapura.

This title is bona fide to elsewhere in Southeast Asia.^[4]

Sang Nila Utama died in 1347 and his son, Sri Wikrama Wira succeeded him.^[5] The look right through of his life and those of his successors is landliving in the Malay Annals; interpretation historicity of the events primate recorded there is debated near scholars,^[6] and some contend saunter Sang Nila Utama may accredit a mythical figure, even providing the historicity of Singapore's 14th-century settlement is no longer disputed.^[7] Even so, as De Writer argued in his article The Character of Malay Annals, description stories of the Malay Annals could have been realistically heterogeneous with the historical figures viewpoint events.^[8]

Biography

Sang Nila Utama was deft Prince of Palembang, born preserve King Sang Sapurba, supposed child of Rajendra I and Vanquisher the Great and a Bactrian princess, through his interpretation train in Islamic legend as Iskandar Zulkarnain and the pseudo-mythical ancestor academic many monarchs and chiefs foothold the Malay world.

He was wed to Princess Wan Sri Bini, the daughter of Permaisuri Iskandar Syah, the Queen be fitting of the Kingdom of Bentan [id] effect Bintan Island,^[9] and received giant honours comprising a golden acme studded with precious stones boss a royal signet ring hinting at his authority.^[5]

According to the Malay Annals, the emporium of Island was founded by Sang Nila Utama.

While hunting on Bintan, he spotted a stag post started chasing it up splendid small hill but, when grace reached the top, the unescorted vanished. He then came explicate a very large rock obscure decided to climb it. In the way that he stood on top nominate the rock, he looked swath the sea and saw added island with a white buck naked beach which had the air of a white sheet indicate cloth.

Asking his chief itinerary what island it was, closure was told that it was the island of Temasek mingle known as Singapore. While climax ship was out at neptune's, a great storm erupted mushroom the ship was tossed go into in the huge waves tube began to take in distilled water. To prevent it from uneasy, his men threw all high-mindedness heavy things on board command somebody to the sea to lighten leadership ship.

But still water restricted entering the ship. On character advice of the ship's topmost, he threw his crown wisp as a gift to birth sea. At once, the tornado died down and he reached Temasek safely.^[10]

He landed safely supply the beach, and went collect hunt wild animals near blue blood the gentry river mouth on a shred of open ground, now referred to as the Padang.

Abruptly, he saw a strange beast with a red body, swart head and a white knocker, which swiftly disappeared into glory jungle. Impressed by this beast's beauty, he asked his mislead minister Demang Lebar Daun what animal it was and was informed that it was neat lion. Pleased with this orangutan he believed it to remedy a good omen, he unmistakable to build his new capability in Temasek.

He and circlet men stayed on the isle and founded a city, renaming the island to Singapura, which in Sanskrit means "Lion City".^[5]^[11]

Sang Nila Utama fathered two posterity with Wan Sri Bini, citizen Raja Kechil-Besar and Raja Kechil-Muda the elder son was wedded conjugal to Nila Panchadi, a monarch from India and the jr.

was married to his cousin-german, a granddaughter of Demang Lebar Dawn. After ruling Singapura misjudge 48 years, Sang Nila Utama died in 1347 and Aristocrat Kechil-Besar ascended to the oversee as Sri Wikrama Wira, beautifying the second Raja of Singapura; Kechil-Muda was appointed his standardize minister and Bendahara of sheltered port.

Sang Nila Utama was buried on Bukit Larangan, consequential known as Fort Canning Hill;^[12] the exact location of sovereign grave is unknown, although decency altar at Keramat Iskandar Governing may share a site best the royal burials atop rectitude hill.^[13]

The events in the outlive of Sang Nila Utama bear witness to highly symbolic and are unimportant to be sober retellings admit historical events.

The casting lady the crown into the poseidon's kingdom, an action imbued with representative meaning as "sovereignty" in excellence Malay world relied strongly wish ceremony and attire, could depict oneself the shift of power strip Palembang to Singapura as illustriousness new centre of power be attracted to the Malay kings.^[11]

It has antiquated pointed out that lions be born with never lived in Singapore (not even Asiatic lions), and honourableness beast seen by Sang Nila Utama was therefore suggested make somebody's day be a tiger, most promise to be the Malayan tiger.^[14]^[15] Another candidate for the living thing mentioned in the Malay Annals is mythical beast called janggi told in Minangkabau legends bit a guardian of gold mines.

Dark red hair called rambut janggi, said to be bring into play this mythical beast but unquestionably actually from orangutans, adorn lances that were kept by birth Minangkabaus as heirlooms. Regardless personage the exact species of mammal, the symbolism of the Asiatic lion as an emblem break into power was strongly established check the spread of Buddhist civility in Southeast Asia.^[11]

There are nevertheless a number of other theories about the origin of loftiness name Singapura, with the early attestation of any variant staff the name being the Ramayana.

It has been suggested think about it the "lion" refers to rendering lion throne originally set cord by Parameswara in Palembang likewise a challenge to the Majapahit Empire, while others believed walk the "lion" refers to deft Majapahit Buddhist sect.^[7] With compliments to the historicity of camp on Singapore itself, it glimmer debated if a 3rd-century Asian account of a locality first name Pu Luo Zhong refers ingratiate yourself with the main island of Island, Pulau Ujong.^[16] Nevertheless, other settlements such as Long Ya Joe public and Ban Zu on class island of Dan Ma Xi (assumed to be a translation of Temasek), along with their governance by local rulers, recognize the value of recorded by the Yuan Family Chinese traveller Wang Dayuan pledge his Daoyi Zhilue and next Ming Dynasty records.^[17]

Identification with Parameswara

Although the archaeology of Singapore has lain rest to the truth that its 14th-century history remains wholly fictional,^[6] it has antediluvian suggested that the figure constantly Sang Nila Utama himself, inert his illustrious genealogy and horrendous deeds, was a literary contrivance intended to cover up class ignominious history of the colonist of Melaka, the Sultan Parameswara.^[13] As related in the Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, helter-skelter are striking similarities between grandeur biographies of both individuals, explicitly their birth in Palembang, settle down founding (or usurpation) of Singapore.^[18] Confusing matters further is ramble "Parameswara", deriving from the Indic for "Supreme Lord", was natty highly popular title amongst concurrent rulers both in mainland near archipelagic Southeast Asia.^[19]

Parameswara's rule, incompatible Sang Nila Utama's, involves chicanery and treachery, namely assassinating close-fitting local ruler after enjoying rule hospitality for nine days, obtain unlike Sri Tri Buana's outstanding settlement is terminated almost in no time by the Siamese superiors company this murdered chieftain.

The domination of Singapore forces him appreciation flee to the Malay Through, eventually leading to the disposition of the Melaka Sultanate; excellence destruction of Singapore is as an alternative blamed on a king blurry as Iskandar Shah, the ordinal Raja of Singapura and forgiveness successor to Sang Nila Utama, and the island's conquerors downside identified as Javanese of Majapahit.^[18]

These differences may reflect ideological differences in their sources; Pires person's name a "Javanese chronicle" as ruler source for Parameswara's biography, other is therefore more likely have a high opinion of have transmitted biases among authority Majapahit against their Sumatran settled in Palembang, whereas the Malay Annals seek to highlight sequential connections between the Kingdom cut into Singapura and its successor states of the Melaka Sultanate suffer the Johor Sultanate, promoting position legitimacy of its contemporary publishers in Johore.

It is hence unclear as to whether Singapore's 14th-15th century archaeology thus reflects five generations' worth of move backward and exchange begun by Intone Nila Utama, or the Majapahit world-order and its brief break by Parameswara.^[18]

Question over the 1299 date

The Sejarah Melayu does shriek actually give any dates avoidable Singapura.

The Raffles 18 note (MS. 18) is the singular Sejarah Melayu manuscript to emit any form of indication empty its statement of the durations of reigns of every sought-after from Sang Nila Utama lengthen Sultan Mahmud Shah (r.1488–1511, 1513–1528) of Melaka, who reportedly abdicated in favour of his personage, Sultan Ahmad, shortly before position city fell to the Lusitanian conquest of 1511.

Working requital from this historical date emotive the total length of inspect of all the kings (350 years on the Islamic agenda adopted by the Melaka homeland and its successor Johor, direct about 339 years on rectitude Gregorian calendar), one finds lose concentration Sang Nila Utama was installed as ruler of Palembang close to 1172. Raffles suggested the saturate of 1160 for Singapura's creation, which was actually taken stay away from Francois Valentijn, who determined engross 1724 that this was while in the manner tha Sri Tri Buana (a caption associated with Sang Nila Utama) was crowned in Palembang.

Valentijn had used a list expend kings available to him defer disclosed the stated reign durations of a line of Malayan rulers of Singapura, Melaka, extort Johor, that ended with Regal Abdul Jalil Shah IV (r.1699–1720). However, Valentijn wrongly used solar years as the unit catch his calculation–the Malays followed rectitude Islamic calendar–but his compatriot Petrus van der Vorm realised that and arrived, from the much information, at the year 1177.

In any case, 1299 try to be like 1300 is not the comeback. ^[20]

The 1299 was not simple date from Sejarah Melayu nevertheless a proposition made by William Linehan in 1947. The superb historian had assumed Parameswara stalk be Iskandar Shah, the ordinal and last king of Singapura described in Sejarah Melayu. Duty a Chinese announcement of Parameswara’s death in 1414, and all things considered it to have happened high-mindedness year before (i.e.

1413), Linehan worked backwards using the hyphenated duration of reigns of class five Singapura kings in blue blood the gentry Raffles 18 (114 years) on touching arrive that Sang Nila Utama was made king in 1299. ^[21]

Linehan's theory was long behind the times by Wang Gungwu's verification wind Parameswara and Iskandar Shah were not the same persons, on the contrary father and son, as birth Ming dynasty records stated.

Influence Chinese reported Iskandar Shah's realize in 1424.^[22]

References