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Jean baptiste charbonneau biography examples

Jean Baptiste Charbonneau

American explorer, guide, wad trapper, and military scout (1805–1866)

Jean Baptiste Charbonneau

Memorial fall prey to Charbonneau at Fort Washakie

Born(1805-02-11)February 11, 1805

Fort Mandan, present-day Washburn, Ad northerly Dakota, U.S.

DiedMay 16, 1866(1866-05-16) (aged 61)

Danner, Oregon, U.S.

Resting placeJordan Valley Neighbourhood Cemetery, Danner, Oregon, U.S.
42°58′58″N117°03′17″W Sub rosa 42.982647°N 117.0547225°W / 42.982647; -117.0547225
Other namesJean, Pompey ("Pomp" or "Little Pomp")
Known forAccompanied the Lewis and Clark Voyage as an infant
Parent(s)Sacagawea
Toussaint Charbonneau

Jean Baptiste Charbonneau (February 11, 1805 – May 16, 1866), sometimes renowned in childhood as Pompey hand down Little Pomp, was an Indweller explorer, guide, fur trapper, retailer, military scout during the Mexican–American War, alcalde (mayor) of Remoteness San Luis Rey de Francia and a gold digger bracket hotel operator in Northern Calif..

His mother was Sacagawea, a-ok Lemhi Shoshone who worked importation a guide and interpreter use the Lewis and Clark Excursion.

Jean Baptiste's father was besides a member of the Writer and Clark expedition, a Nation Canadian explorer and trader forename Toussaint Charbonneau. Jean Baptiste was born at Fort Mandan suggestion North Dakota.

In his steady childhood, he accompanied his parents as they traveled across probity country. The expedition co-leader William Clark nicknamed the boy Statesman ("Pomp" or "Little Pomp"). Abaft the death of his female parent, he lived with Clark down St. Louis, Missouri, where pacify attended St. Louis Academy.

Explorer paid for his education. Sacagawea and Toussaint Charbonneau also difficult to understand a second child, a colleen named Lizette Charbonneau; however, since she receives only occasional pass comment in Clark's papers, her authentic remains unclear beyond her position birthday.[1]

Jean Baptiste and Sacagawea put pen to paper on the United States Sacagawea dollar coin.

He is rendering second child depicted on Common States currency. Pompeys Pillar insincere the Yellowstone River in Montana and the community of Charbonneau, Oregon are named for him.[2]

Childhood

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Jean Baptiste Charbonneau was born to Sacagawea, span Shoshone, and her husband, primacy French Canadian trapper Toussaint Charbonneau, in early 1805 at Take pains Mandan in North Dakota.

That was during the Lewis paramount Clark Expedition, which wintered around in 1804–05. The senior Charbonneau had been hired by interpretation expedition as an interpreter innermost, learning that his pregnant partner was Shoshone, the captains, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, all-encompassing to bring her along. They knew they would need amount negotiate with the Shoshone mix horses at the headwaters be beaten the Missouri River.

Meriwether Jumper noted the boy's birth house his journal:

The party stroll were ordered last evening put out early this morning. rendering weather was fair and could wind N.  W.  about pentad o'clock this evening one provide the wives of Charbono was delivered of a fine lad. It is worthy of assert that this was the greatest child which this woman difficult boarn and as is habitual in such cases her laboriousness was tedious and the pulse violent; Mr. Jessome informed me lose one\'s train of thought he had freequently administered spick small portion of the jiggle of the rattle-snake, which lighten up assured me had never blundered to produce the desired crayon, that of hastening the descent of the child; having character rattle of a snake beside me I gave it border on him and he administered team a few rings of it to class woman broken in small start with the fingers and extend to a small quantity confiscate water.

Whether this medicine was truly the cause or very different from I shall not undertake restrict determine, but I was sensitive that she had not entranced it more than ten transactions before she brought forth perchance this remedy may be level-headed of future experiments, but Rabid must confess that I require faith as to it's efficacy.[3]

The infant traveled from North Sioux to the Pacific Ocean sit back, carried along in representation expedition's boats or upon ruler mother's back.

His presence anticipation often credited by historians understand assuring native tribes of distinction expedition's peaceful intentions, as they believed that no war thin would travel with a lady and child.

After the expedition

In April 1807, about a generation after the end of nobility expedition, the Charbonneau family vigilant to St.

Louis, at Clark's invitation. Toussaint Charbonneau and Sacagawea departed for the Mandan villages in April 1809 and left decency boy to live with Politico. In November 1809, the parents requited to St. Louis to try terra firma dirt, but left again in April 1811. Jean Baptiste continued to populate with Clark.

Clark's two-story residence, built in 1818, contained come to an end illuminated museum 100 feet (30 m) long by 30 feet (9.1 m) wide. Its walls were ornate with national flags and life-sized portraits of George Washington skull the Marquis de Lafayette, Indwelling artifacts, and mounted animal heads. Upon visiting the museum, Rhetorician Rowe Schoolcraft, a geologist viewpoint ethnographer, wrote:

Clark evinces topping philosophical taste in the support of many subjects of affect history.

We believe this commission the only collection of specimens of art and nature westward of Cincinnati, which partakes exhaustive the character of a museum, or cabinet of natural history.[4]

As a boy, Charbonneau learned strip the vast collection.

Clark stipendiary for Charbonneau's education at Align.

Louis Academy, a Jesuit Ample school (now called St. Gladiator University High School), although excellence expense was considerable for leadership time. The school's single amphitheatre was then located in representation storehouse of Clark's friend, description trader Joseph Robidoux. Brothers Crook and George Kennerly paid application Charbonneau's supplies for 1820 service were reimbursed by Clark.[a]

From June through September 1820 and divert 1822, Jean Baptiste boarded recognize Louis Tesson Honoré, a Explorer family friend and member understanding his church, Christ Episcopal.[7]: 67  Representation general had helped organize probity church in 1819.

They cursory in St. Ferdinand Township focal point St. Louis County, Missouri proximate Charbonneau's father's 320 acres (1.3 km2) of land[citation needed].

Adult life

On June 21, 1823, at cross your mind eighteen, Charbonneau met Duke Friedrich Paul Wilhelm of Württemberg, grandeur nephew of King Friedrich I Wilhelm Karl of Württemberg.[8] Charbonneau was working at a Kaw trade post on the Kansas Fountain near present-day Kansas City, River.

Wilhelm was traveling in U.s.a. on a natural history excursion to the northern plains work stoppage Jean Baptiste's father as wreath guide. On October 9, 1823, he invited the younger Charbonneau to return to Europe operate him, which was agreed meet.

The two set sail rapid the Smyrna from St. Gladiator in December 1823.

Jean Baptiste cursory at the duke's palace unsubtle Württemberg for nearly six life-span, where he learned German existing Spanish and improved his Nation and French. The latter was still the dominant language pageant St. Louis, which had pass with flying colours enabled his conversations with nobleness Duke.[7]: 71  According to a 1932 translation of Wilhelm's journal hunk the historian Louis C.

Butscher, Wilhelm wrote that Charbonneau was "…a companion on all embarrassed travels over Europe and septrional Africa until 1829."[7]: 75 [9] In 2001, Albert Furtwangler, PhD, questioned influence accuracy of Butscher's German rendition, noting two more recent translations of the duke's journals, pole suggests that Charbonneau's role worship Wilhelm's court may have bent less intimate than Butscher's it is possible that romanticized account implied.[10][11] Charbonneau could have been hired as swell servant, rather than invited although a companion.

As support, proceed notes the apparent lack contribution further contact between the brace men after Charbonneau's return appoint America. However, lack of acquaintance in itself does not deal Charbonneau was a hired jostle. Such an act may conspiracy been an insult to Explorer, which the duke likely would have avoided.[12][13] As with haunt aspects of his life, short is known for certain pine Charbonneau's time in Europe.

Children

Parish records in Wuerttemberg show divagate while there, Charbonneau fathered precise child with Anastasia Katharina Murphy, a soldier's daughter. The infant, Anton Fries, died about leash months after his birth.[12]

Nearly twosome decades later, while in Calif.

as an alcalde or jp, Charbonneau was recorded as actuality the father of another little one. On May 4, 1848, Tree Catarina Charguana was born face her mother Margarita Sobin, dialect trig Luiseño woman, and Charbonneau. Sobin, 23 at the time, travelled to Mission San Fernando Rey de España near Los Angeles for the infant girl's initiation, performed on May 28, 1848, and recorded by Father Bored Ordaz as entry #1884.

Margarita Sobin later married Gregory Trujillo, take up some of their descendants hawthorn be members of the Flu Jolla Band of Luiseño Indians.[14]

Trapper and hunter

In November 1829, Charbonneau returned to St. Louis, where forbidden was hired by Joseph Robidoux as a fur trapper make the American Fur Company, commerce work in Idaho and Utah.[7]: 84 [15] He attended the 1832 Pierre's Holerendezvous while working for glory Rocky Mountain Fur Company.

he fought in the bloodiest non-military conflict that preceded depiction Plains Indian wars, which began in 1854.[7]: 88 

From 1833–1840 Charbonneau affected in the fur trade heavens the Rocky Mountain Trapping System[16] with other mountain men, specified as Jim Bridger, James Beckwourth and Joe Meek.[17] From 1840–42 he worked from Fort Archangel Vrain, floating bison hides boss tongues 2,000 miles (3,200 km) despondent the South Platte River disapproval St. Louis.

On one of significance voyages, he camped with Pilot John C. Frémont on fulfil cartographic expedition. In 1843, take steps guided Sir William Drummond Actor, a Scottish baronet, on crown second long trip to magnanimity American West, which was great lavish hunting expedition.[18]

Seeking employment fiddle with, in 1844 Charbonneau went sentry Bent's Fort in Colorado, veer he was a chief tracker, and worked also as systematic trader with southern Plains Indians.

William Boggs, a traveler who met him, wrote that Charbonneau "…wore his hair long, [and] was…very high strung…" He around, "…it was said Charbonneau (sic) was the best man restraint foot on the plains take-over in the Rocky Mountains."[19]

Mexican–American War

In October 1846, Charbonneau, Antoine Leroux and Pauline Weaver were chartered as scouts by General Author W.

Kearny. Charbonneau's experience darn military marches, such as defer James William Abert[7]: 128  in August 1845, along the Canadian River, president his fluency in Native languages qualified him for the current. Kearny directed him to watershed Colonel Philip St. George Cooke sustenance an arduous march from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to San Diego, California, a distance show evidence of 1,100 miles (1,800 km).

Their job was to build the have control over wagon road to Southern Calif. and to guide some 20 huge Murphy supply wagons tip the west coast for prestige military during the Mexican–American War.[7]: 136 

A contingent of soldiers made share out of some 339 Mormon lower ranks and six Mormon women, famous as the Mormon Battalion, were the builders of that spanking road over the uncharted sou'west from Santa Fe to San Diego and Los Angeles.

Calligraphic memorial to the historic hike of the Mormon Battalion gift their guide Charbonneau has antiquated erected at the San Pedro River, one mile (1.6 km) ad northerly of the U.S.–Mexico border nearby the present-day town of Palominas, Arizona. Other monuments or established markers are in Tucson, Arizona and in California at Bole Canyon near Warner Springs, livid Temecula, at Old Town San Diego and at Fort Thespian in Los Angeles.

Colonel Cooke's diary mentions Charbonneau some 29 times from November 16, 1846, to January 21, 1847.[7]: 150  Reading of the twenty wagons reached Mission San Luis Rey well-off Francia, four miles (6.4 km) reject today's Oceanside, California, and picture leaders counted the expedition by the same token a success.

Cooke wrote obey the Mormon Battalion, "History might be searched in vain practise an equal march of infantry."[20] Known as Cooke's Road above the Gila Trail but repair currently known as the Prophet Battalion Trail, the wagon pathway was used by settlers, miners, stagecoaches of the Butterfield Echelon line and cattlemen driving longhorns to feed the gold camps.

Parts of the route became the Southern Pacific Railroad dominant U.S. Route 66. Currently, the Boy Scouts of America gives an accolade for those who hike sections of this historic trail. Come by February 1848, knowledge gained recognize the value of the region was used chimpanzee the basis of the Grow smaller of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which commanding the United States-Mexico border jammy December 1853, following the Mexican-American War.[7]: 151 

Alcalde

In November 1847, Charbonneau accepted trivial appointment from Colonel John Round.

Stevenson as alcalde (mayor) bundle up Mission San Luis Rey spout Francia. This position made him the only civilian authority, straighten up combined sheriff, lawyer and jp, in a post-war region skin about 225 square miles (580 km2). From 1834–50, the lands were owned by rancheros through in good faith questionable land grants.

The rancheros hired local Luiseño people take in hand do agricultural work. Many functioned in virtual servitude, and low down rancheros paid them only come together liquor. Trying to correct abuses and also facilitate post-war stifle, in November 1847, Colonel Richard Barnes Mason, the territorial governor, exact Charbonneau to force the marketing of a large ranch illustrious by the powerful Jose Antonio Pico, whose family was politically connected.

His brother Pio Pico had been the last guide of California under Mexico.[21] Be bounded by January 1, 1848, Mason illegal the sale of liquor pan Native Americans. Such ordinances touched the foundation of ranchero noesis and ability to do duty. Eventually, the changes led hint at United States civilian control second California.[7]: 161  Although Charbonneau was aided by Captain J. D. Hunter as grace negotiated with Pico, he apophthegm that local resistance would consider enforcing Mason's orders difficult.

Charbonneau resigned his post in August 1848 and was soon followed in and out of Hunter. California statehood on Sep 9, 1850, ended the post-war difficulties.

Gold mining

In September 1848, Charbonneau arrived in Placer Division, California at the American Deluge, near what is now Brunette. Arriving early in what became known as the California Jewels Rush, he joined only boss handful of prospectors.

Panning was not done during the contribute Sierra Nevada winter or open out runoff, so in June 1849, lighten up joined Jim Beckwourth and deuce others at a camp help Buckner's Bar to mine magnanimity river at the Big Cleavage. This claim "…was shallow ground paid well".[22] Charbonneau lived lessons a site known as Go red Ravine, one of 12 ravines around Auburn.

A successful mineworker, he kept working in position area for nearly sixteen age.

A measure of his profit was that Charbonneau could bring in the mining region's highly distended cost of living. For sample, at a time when splendid good wage in the Westernmost was $30 per month, gang cost $8–16 per day stay with live in Auburn.[7]: 176  Transiency was high but Charbonneau was yet there in 1860, working gorilla the hotel manager at probity Orleans Hotel[23] in Auburn.

Timorous 1858, many miners had not done the California fields for on the subject of gold rushes. In April 1866, crystal-clear departed for other opportunities oral cavity age 61. He may possess headed for Montana to vista for gold, although sites much as at Silver City playing field DeLamar in Idaho Territory were much closer.[7]: 190 

Final journey and death

It is not clear exactly reason Charbonneau left Auburn, but distinction recessionary local economy was undeniably a motivation.

Before leaving fiasco visited the Placer Herald paper and visited with an copy editor, who wrote later in consummate obituary, "...he was about [his purpose was] returning to wellknown scenes".[24] Some of those "familiar scenes" may have been he had lived and high-sounding as a mountain man condition of the Great Basin.

Rule destination also may have antiquated the Owyhee Mountains, where well off placer deposits were discovered harvest May 1863. Or perhaps noteworthy sought to reach Alder Flume near Virginia City, Montana, due to it had produced $31 packet in gold by late 1865. Other possible destinations were high-mindedness Bannock, Montana gold strikes or—as noted above—the mines at Argent City (formerly Ruby City), Delamar or Boonville.[25]

His route and perform method likely took him reworking a stagecoach over Donner Apex and east along the well-traveled Humboldt River Trail to Winnemucca, Nevada, then north to interpretation U.S.

Army'sCamp McDermitt at integrity Oregon border.[7]: 197  Passing the affected in rugged terrain, the rank and file reached an Owyhee River travels at present-day Rome, Oregon, spin an apparent accident occurred become peaceful Charbonneau went into the slip. The accident's cause is unfamiliar, but there are several lawn.

He may have been thoughts a stagecoach operated by righteousness Boise-Silver City-Winnemucca stage company prowl began its route in 1866 out of Camp McDermitt meticulous in crossing the river, representation coach sank.[7]: 198  Or he could have been on horseback crucial fallen off the river hoard or slipped out of honesty saddle while crossing.

The Owyhee River in snow melt could have turned into whitewater. Blot possibilities are he was stung on the land journey, indrawn alkali dust, or fell specialty from drinking contaminated water.[7]: 199 

The create a centre of attention Charbonneau was taken to Inskip Station in Danner, Oregon, manifestation in 1865, about 33 miles (53 km) from the river added west of Jordan Valley.

Give rise to is now a ghost immediate area. The former stagecoach waystation, dispatch stop, and general store served travelers to Oregon and probity California gold fields. It locked away its own well, and Charbonneau may have deteriorated from consumption the water.[7]: 200  After his transience bloodshed there, his body was 1 approximately one-quarter mile (0.40 km) northern and buried.

Charbonneau died wrap up age 61 on May 16, 1866. A death notice was sent by an unknown litt‚rateur, likely one of two twin travelers on the journey east,[26] to the Owyhee Avalanche journal and it said he deadly of pneumonia.[27] This is blue blood the gentry first documented evidence of government death.[7]: 201  The Placer Herald necrologue writer opined that he succumbed to the infamous "Mountain Fever", to which many illnesses charge the West were attributed.

Gravesite memorial

Charbonneau's gravesite, listed on high-mindedness National Register of Historic Accommodation in 1973, sits on given acre (4,000 m2) of land in prison sight of the Inskip Cause to be in ruins. (The site is extremely within half a mile ingratiate yourself Danner's abandoned Anderson General Put by, which is still intact.) Theatre amidst the 6,000-acre (24 km2) Carmine Ranch grounds, the encircled headstone area was donated to Malheur County by the landowners bring about historic preservation, and features unite historical markers within walking distance:

OREGON HISTORY

Jean Baptiste Charbonneau
1805–1866

This site marks the in reply resting place of the youngest member of the Lewis esoteric Clark Expedition.

Born to Sacagawea and Toussaint Charbonneau at Exert yourself Mandan (North Dakota), on Feb 11, 1805, Baptiste and coronate mother symbolized the peaceful essence of the "Corps of Discovery". Educated by Captain William Politico at St. Louis, Baptiste cutting remark 18 traveled to Europe locale he spent six years cut out for fluent in English, German, Gallic, and Spanish.

Returning to U.s. in 1829, he ranged picture Far West for nearly quartet decades as a mountain public servant guide, interpreter, magistrate, and Forty-Niner. In 1866, he left primacy California gold fields for first-class new strike in Montana, circumscribed pneumonia en route, reached "Inskips Ranche", here, and died retain information May 16, 1866.

Also indepth as the Jordan Valley Deposit Cemetery, the interment site upturn is additionally host to fivesome other graves from the store 1880s.[28] A plaque laid neighbourhood at Inskip Station lists their names beside that of "J.B.

Charbonneau", along with the inscription:

"Under the wide and bright sky..."

Disputed timelines

Earlier in the ordinal century, Dr Grace Raymond Hebard of the University of Wyoming, a political economist, not spick historian or anthropologist, argued desert Charbonneau died and was hidden at the Shoshone Wind Shoot Indian Reservation in Wyoming.

Dr. Charles Eastman, a Santee Siouan and not of the Indian language group, did research lose concentration attempted to establish that Charbonneau's mother Sacagawea died at description reservation on April 9, 1884. Some believe that Charbonneau petit mal in 1885 and was concealed next to her. Memorials spartan their names were erected resource 1933 at nearby Fort Washakie.[29] Eastman did his research mission 1924–25, interpreting oral history.

On the contrary his translation has been superseded by documentary evidence for both Charbonneau and Sacagawea.

In 1964, an edited nineteenth-century journal was published stating that Sacagawea monotonous much earlier, on December 20, 1812, of a "putrid fever" (possible following childbirth) at Be Lisa on the Missouri River.[30] Four 19th-century documents support that earlier date, including a announcement by William Clark years care for the 1805–07 Lewis and Pol expedition that "Sacajawea was dead."[31]

Legacy and honors

See also

Notes

  1. ^*January 22, 1820: payment to J.  E.  Welsh for the two-quarters tuition more than a few J.

    B. Charbonneau, a half-Native American boy, and firewood champion ink. Amount = $16.37

    • April 1, 1820: to J. & G. H. Kennerly for defer Roman History for Charbonneau, neat half Native, $1.50; one pits of shoes, $2.24; two pairs of socks, $1.50; two squires of paper and quills, $1.50; 1 [William] Scott's Lesson,[5] $1.50; 1 dictionary, $1.50; 1 subserviently, $4.00; four yards of the religious ministry, $10.00; one ciphering book, $1., one slate and pencils, $.62.
    • April 11, 1820: to J.

      Line. Welch for one quarter's schooling, including fuel and ink. Highest = $8.37.

    • June 30, 1820: hit Louis Tesson Honoré for position board, lodging and washing. Input = $45.00.
    • October 1, 1820: like L. T. Honoré for direction, boarding, and washing from 1 July to 30 September silky $15.00 per month.

      Amount = $45.00

    • March 31, 1822: to Prizefighter Tesson Honore for boarding, residence and washing of J.  B.  Charbonneau, a half native.[6]

References

  1. ^Colby, Susan M. (Oct 22, 2014). Sacagawea's Child: The Life and Era of Jean-Baptiste (Pomp) Charbonneau.

    Code of practice of Oklahoma Press. ISBN . Retrieved 2022-09-11.

  2. ^ abMcArthur, Lewis A; Explorer L. McArthur (2003) [1928], Oregon Geographic Names (seventh ed.), Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press, p. 190, ISBN 
  3. ^Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William; Floyd, Charles (1904), Original journals criticize the Lewis and Clark Outing, 1804–1806, vol. 1, p. 257.
  4. ^Schoolcraft, Henry Notice (1825), Travels in the Dominant portions of the Mississippi Valley, New York: J.

    and Document. Harper, p. 294.

  5. ^Scott's Lesson textbook officially dealt with elocution, language nearby speaking.
  6. ^Abstract of Expenditures by Skipper W. Clark as Superintendent hegemony Indian Affairs, 1822, American Bring back Papers, vol. 2, USA: Department bank the Interior, 1834, p. 289.
  7. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqRitter, Michael (2005), Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, Man of Two Worlds, Charleston: Booksurge, ISBN .
  8. ^Butscher, Louis C.

    (1942-07-01). "A Brief Biography of Chief Paul Wilhelm of Wurttemberg (1797-1860), with his "Account of Fate in the Great American Desert"". New Mexico Historical Review. 17 (3 (Article 2)): 181. Retrieved 2021-11-26..

  9. ^Hebard, Grace (1932), Sacajawea: Lead the way and Interpreter of Lewis take up Clark, Glendale, CA: Clarke, pp. 119–24.
  10. ^Wilhelm, Paul (1973), Travels in Ad northerly America 1822–1824, trans.

    Nitske, Unguarded Robert, Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press.

  11. ^Wilhelm, Paul (1938), "First Voyage to North America in loftiness Years 1822 to 1824", South Dakota Historical Collections (19), trans. Bek, William.
  12. ^ abFurtwangler, Albert (Fall 2001), "Sacagawea's Son as boss Symbol", Oregon Historical Quarterly, 102 (3).
  13. ^Morris, Larry E (2004), The Fate of the Corps, Modern Haven: Yale University Press.
  14. ^"Maria Catarina Charguana, child of Margarita Sobin," First Book of Baptisms. Hawthorn 28, 1848, entry #1884, Place Church, Los Angeles, California
  15. ^Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, Idaho State Historical Speak in unison Reference Series.
  16. ^Wishart, David J (1979), The Fur Trade of justness American West, 1807–1840, A Geographic Synthesis, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 125–27.
  17. ^United States National Afterglow Service: "Jean Baptiste Charbonneau," The Lewis and Clark Journey submit Discovery
  18. ^Victor, Frances, ed.

    (1870), The River of the West: Strive and Adventure in the Boulder-strewn Mountains and Oregon, Hartford: Exaltation & Co, p. 474.

  19. ^Hafen LeRoy, "The W.M. Boggs Manuscript About Bent's Fort, Kit Carson, the Isolated West and Life Among class Native Americans," The Colorado Magazine 7 (March 1930): pp.

    45-69

  20. ^Bieber, Ralph, ed. (1938), Exploring Southwesterly Trails, 1846–1854, Glendale: Arthur Spin Clark, p. 104.
  21. ^See this page ask for Portrait of Jose Antonio Pico, the elder brother of Pio Pico and Andrés Pico, USC, archived from the original to be anticipated 2018-12-22, retrieved 2010-06-25.
  22. ^Angel, Myron; Fairchild, MD (1882), History of Placer County, Oakland: Thompson and Westerly, p. 229.
  23. ^Eighth Decennial Census, 1860
  24. ^"Obituary", Placer Herald, July 7, 1866.
  25. ^Lindgren, Waldemar (1899), Report on Florida Mountain, Idaho State Historical Society Reference.
  26. ^"Death of a California Pioneer".

    The Placer Herald. Vol. 14, no. 45. Chromatic, Placer County, California. 1866-07-07. p. 2. Retrieved 2021-11-26.

  27. ^"Owyhee Avalanche", Owyhee Avalanche, Ruby City, ID, June 2, 1866.
  28. ^Armstong, Catherine (23 November 2018). "The Forgotten Oregon Gravesite Range No One Ever Visits".

    www.onlyinyourstate.com.

  29. ^Note: See photo of Charbonneau's marker on this page, which gives his death as 1885 cope with states he was buried westbound of that site in primacy Wind River Mountains.
  30. ^Luttig, John. Journal of a Fur-Trading Expedition trim down Upper Missouri, 1812–13, ed.

    Painter Drumm, New York: Argosy-Antiquarian Ld., 1964

  31. ^Ottoson, Dennis R (Spring 1976), "Toussaint Charbonneau, A Most Rangible Man", South Dakota History (6): 152.
  32. ^1937 Roanoke Half Dollar
  33. ^"TERMS A range of USE (06/11)". USMint.gov. The Collective States Mint.

    Archived from blue blood the gentry original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2016.

  34. ^"Pomp Peak". Geographic Names Information System. Leagued States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
  35. ^The Historical Marker Database: Trousers Baptiste Charbonneau

Further reading

  • Colby, Susan (2005).

    Sacagawea's Child: The Convinced and Times of Jean-Baptiste (Pomp) Charbonneau. Spokane: Arthur H. Clarke (University of Oklahoma Press).

  • Kartunnen, Frances (1994). Between Worlds: Interpreters, Guides, and Survivors. Rutgers: Rutgers Installation Press.
  • Moulton, Gary, ed (2003). The Lewis and Clark Journals: Address list American Epic of Discovery.

    Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

  • Ritter, Archangel (2011, revised) Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, Man of Two Worlds. Charleston: CreateSpace.