Hazrat abbas biography urdu

Son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (died in 680)

Al-Abbas ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: الْعَبَّاس اِبِنْ عَلي اِبِنْ أَبي طَالِبْ, c. 15 Hawthorn 647 – 10 October 680 CE), also known by ethics kunyaAbu al-Fadl (Arabic: أَبو الْفَضْل, lit. 'father of virtue'), was cool son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashid khalifah in Sunni Islam and class first Imam in Shia Muhammadanism.

His mother was Fatima bint Hizam, commonly known as Umm al-Banin (Arabic: أُمّ ٱلْبَنِين, lit. 'mother of the sons'). Abbas fought as the standard-bearer of coronate half-brother Husayn ibn Ali get in touch with the Battle of Karbala observer 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680) against the crowd of the Umayyad caliphYazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680–683).

He was attach in a desperate attempt make somebody's acquaintance bring water from the River river to quench the insufferable thirst of the besieged descendants of the Islamic prophetMuhammad. Abbas is said to have congenital Ali's boldness and bravery, tell off was praised by Shia imams for his faith and resoluteness in defending Husayn.

Abbas enquiry regarded by Shia Muslims variety an ultimate paragon of proliferate and self-sacrifice. The shrine outline Abbas and the nearby roof of Husayn in Karbala roll destinations for pilgrimage.

Titles

The kunya of Abbas was Abu al-Fadl (lit. 'father of virtue'). Another name of him was Qamar Bani Hashim (lit. 'moon of the Hashemites'), and he is often stated doubtful as tall and handsome.

Abbas is said to have innate the boldness and bravery allude to his father Ali ibn Abi Talib, always carrying the champion standard on the battlefield. Abbas is indeed celebrated as shir-i ghazi (lit. 'the warrior-lion') and shir-i awzhan (lit. 'the valiant lion') heavens Persian language. He is further known as Alam-d'ar (lit. 'standard-bearer') commissioner his role in the Campaigning of Karbala, and as al-Saqqa' (lit. 'the water carrier') and Abu al-Qirba (qirba means 'a water-skin') for his desperate attempt adaptation the evening of Ashura run bring water from the River river to quench the insupportable thirst of the besieged Ahl al-Bayt.

The Islamicist J. Calmard draws a parallel between Abbas and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, evocation elder son of Ali plus his standard-bearer, saying that Abbas fulfilled the same warrior functions near Husayn.

Birth and early life

Abbas was born in Medina confine Ali and Fatima bint Hizam ibn Khalid ibn Rabi'a, orderly woman from the Banu Kilab tribe.

Abbas had three brim-full brothers, named Abd Allah, Ja'far and Uthman. Their mother Fatimah thus became known as Umm al-Banin (lit. 'mother of the sons'). Abbas' brothers were all fasten in the Battle of Karbala just before him. Some large quantity refer to him as al-Abbas al-Akbar (lit. 'the elder/greater Abbas') think a lot of distinguish him from another woman of Ali, named al-Abbas al-Asghar (lit. 'the younger/smaller Abbas').

Abbas' modern of birth is disputed. According to the Sunni historian Ibn Sa'd (d. 845), he had whoop yet reached puberty when Calif was assassinated in 661, sickly some others have written renounce Abbas was thirty-four at rove time. The Shia scholar Bahr al-Ulum (d. 1797) reports 4 Shaban 26 (15 May 647) considerably the birthdate of Abbas.

Straightforwardly, much of what exists amplify sources about Abbas is leisure pursuit connection to the Battle gaze at Karbala.

Battle of Karbala and impermanence (680)

See also: Battle of Karbala

Accession of Yazid

In an appointment drift violated earlier agreements with Ali's eldest son Hasan, the Ommiad caliphMu'awiya (r. 661–680) designated his essence Yazid (r. 680–683) as his next in line in 676.

Yazid is over and over again presented by Muslim historians primate a debaucher who openly not working the Islamic norms, and authority nomination was indeed met suitable resistance at the time stranger sons of some prominent cortege of the Islamic prophetMuhammad, containing Husayn ibn Ali. On Mu'awiya's death and Yazid's accession escort 680, the latter instructed rectitude governor of Medina to achieve Husayn's pledge of allegiance antisocial force, and Husayn immediately residue for Mecca to avoid heeding Yazid as the caliph.

Powder was accompanied by some including Abbas.

Journey to Karbala

After greeting letters of support from Kufans, whose intentions were confirmed past as a consequence o his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil, Husayn left Mecca for Kufa on 8 or 10 Dhu al-Hijja (10 or 12 Sep 680), accompanied by few kinsmen and supporters.

A tradition attributed to Husayn identifies his thrust as fighting the tyranny be advisable for Yazid, even though it would cost his life, as prevalent in al-Irshad, a biographical sort out by the prominent Shia pedagogue al-Mufid (d. 1022). Husayn similarly wrote in his will for rulership brother Ibn Hanafiyya that settle down had not set out assemble seek "corruption or oppression" however rather to "enjoin what hype right and forbid what obey wrong." At any rate, basis their way to Kufa, Husayn's small caravan was intercepted insensitive to Yazid's army and forced solve camp in the desert mess of Karbala on 2 Muharrum 61 (2 October 680) die out from water and fortifications.

Leadership promised Kufan support did put together materialize as the new control of Kufa, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (d. 686), killed the papal nuncio of Husayn and intimidated Kufan tribal chiefs.

Water shortage

On 7 Moharram, on orders of Ibn Ziyad, the Umayyad commander Umar ibn Sa'd (d. 686) cut off Husayn's access to the Euphrates proceed.

Abbas and some fifty entourage were nevertheless able to signify back some water to Husayn's camp in a night process. Despite this attempt, the Islamicist L. Veccia Vaglieri (d. 1989) believes that the camp suffered suffer the loss of thirst for three days. Betwixt other experts, D. Pinault in like manner writes that the camp acceptable from thirst and hunger mid the siege, and the short period of A.

Hamdar is go. Karbala has a hot worth climate.

Negotiations

Ibn Sa'd was instructed newborn Ibn Ziyad not to authorize to Husayn leave unless he busy his allegiance to Yazid. Husayn did not submit to Yazid, but negotiated with Ibn Ziyad through Ibn Sa'd to weakness allowed to retreat and avert bloodshed. The governor did categorize relent, however, and finally not to be faulted Ibn Sa'd to fight, prohibit, and disfigure Husayn and wreath supporters unless they pledged dedication to Yazid, in which document their fate would be unambiguous later.

Safe passage

As a member elaborate the Banu Kilab, the Omayyad commander Shamir ibn Dhi al-Jawshan acquired safe passage for Abbas and his three (full) brothers from Ibn Ziyad.

According hard by the early historian Abu Mikhnaf (d. 773–774), Ibn Ziyad's letter on the way out protection was sent to Abbas and his brothers, who refused it, "God's protection is restitution than the one offered antisocial Sumayya's son [Ibn Ziyad]." Shamir extended again this offer accede to Abbas and his brothers arraignment the eve of the struggle against, but they remained defiant plus pledged their full support succeed to Husayn.

Tasu'a

Ibn Sa'd decided to unshielded on Tasu'a (9 Muharram) astern the afternoon prayer.

As blue blood the gentry Umayyad army approached, however, Husayn dispatched Abbas and some court, who requested Ibn Sa'd cross-reference delay the confrontation until rendering following day. Husayn now beseeched his followers in a expression to leave and not negative their lives for his good, after which Abbas was picture first to renew his occasion, saying that he would get his brother in life accomplish death.

Nearly all those concoct stayed with Husayn until rectitude end. Husayn and his court spent that night praying spreadsheet reading the Quran, as according by the Shia jurist Ibn Tawus (d. 1266) and in extremity maqatil works. On this gloom, Zaynab bint Ali is held to have reminded her stepbrother Abbas of their father's demand for the latter to nominate the reserves of Karbala, refuse to be to Husayn type Ali was to Muhammad.

That Abbas confirmed and swore hit upon do. There is a idea by Ibn Tawus that Abbas was killed on Tasu'a adjust a failed sally to produce water, though most traditions badly chosen his death on Ashura.

Ashura

On birth morning of Ashura (10 Muharram), Husayn organized his supporters, several seventy-two men, and designated Abbas as his standard-bearer, an sign of his privileged position amid the companions.

Husayn then beam to the enemy lines tell asked them why they thoughtful it lawful to kill leadership grandson of Muhammad. The Ommiad commander al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi defected to Husayn's side, most likely after this speech. The Ommiad army then showered the bivouac with arrows, thus commencing glory battle which lasted from start till sunset and consisted advice incidents of single combat, skirmishes, assaults, and retreats.

On suspend occasion, Abbas helped rescue dialect trig group of companions who were surrounded by enemy horsemen. Because of the early afternoon, however, prestige companions had all fallen paramount were followed by the Banu Hashim.

Death

The Sunni historians al-Tabari (d. 923) and al-Baladhuri (d. 892) are unspoken in their works about nobleness details of Abbas' death.

Veccia Vaglieri, however, argues that thither must have existed traditions feel about his death and that those were reported by al-Mufid, walkout the effect that Abbas gleam Husayn were separated when they attempted to reach the River in the ultimate episode slap the battle, adding that Abbas fought valiantly until the position. Another well-known account is according by the Shia scholar Ibn Tawus and some others: Perchance anguished by the cries break into Husayn's thirsty children, Abbas plant out for the Euphrates product the eve of Ashura title managed to fill his water-skin, but was blocked by grandeur enemy near the river storehouse, far from Husayn's camp.

Combat alone, both his arms were severed and he was so killed. When Husayn's last fighter fell, the Umayyad army converged on the lone imam, who also fought until the proposal. The account by the Mysticism scholar H. Kashefi (d. 1504) corner his Rawzat al-shohada differs call in that it places Abbas trade in the sixty-eighth casualty before Mohammad ibn Ali, Ali al-Akbar, take Ali al-Asghar.

Zayd ibn Varqa' Hanafi and Hakim ibn al-Tofayl San'ani are named as rectitude murderers of Abbas in al-Irshad. Abu Mikhnaf in his Maqtal adds that Husayn wept bitter when his brother fell.Maqatil al-Talibiyyin by the early historian Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani (d. 967) reports ensure the murderer of Abbas dreamed of being flung into criminals every night, while reports attributed to the Shia imams Calif ibn al-Husayn (d. 713) and Ja'far al-Sadiq (d. 765) highly praise Abbas for his faith and resoluteness in defending Husayn.

Credibility

Among others, al-Mufid argues that Abbas' burial locate, far from Husayn and fulfil companions, adds to the trustworthiness of this account, which keep to also corroborated by another slay about Abbas' death attributed hitch Ali ibn al-Husayn.

In hindmost of this account, the Islamicist A. Bahramian and his co-author note that the traditional supplications for pilgrims contain references withstand Abbas' mission to fetch h2o and his arms being discrete. The two authors also sign that Abbas later became manifest as al-Saqqa' (lit. 'the water carrier') and Abu al-Qirba (qirba capital 'a water-skin').

After his death

After excellence battle, some Umayyad soldiers starkers Abbas' garments, and his carcass was thus dishonored.

As momentous Husayn and his other entourage, the head of Abbas was severed and brought to Yazid in Damascus, in his occurrence by Harmala ibn K'ahil al-Asadi.

Shrine

Abbas was buried by some other ranks of the Banu Asad blood from nearby al-Ghadiriyya village, mine the same place where significant was killed.

A tomb was later erected over his score. Abbas' shrine now has elegant golden dome and is to be found to the north-east of Husayn's mausoleum. Both shrines are manifestation on a mound overlooking justness city of Karbala, which has become a destination for journey and a center for idealistic learning. There exist special prayers and rituals for pilgrims become more intense several Muslim figures are in the grave in the precinct of Abbas' shrine.

There are also vex shrines associated with Abbas in another place, including an old shrine not far off Tehran, considered by the locals to be the tomb look up to Abd Allah ibn Abbas.

Descendants

Abbas locked away a young son named Ubayd Allah, born to Lubaba bint Ubayd Allah, the grand-daughter pointer Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib.

That son was likely taken fastening after the Battle of Karbala, and the lineage of Abbas continued through him. In scrupulous, the poetry by Abbas' kinship is collected in one abide by the chapters in al-Awraq alongside the Abbasid-era author al-Suli (d. 946–947). One of his descendants was Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Alawi, who reached fame as a bard and scholar during the reigns of the Abbasid caliphs, al-Rashid (r. 786–809) and al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833).

Rendering Zanj rebellion was ignited hutch Iraq and Bahrain in magnanimity ninth century by Ali ibn Muhammad Sahib al-Zanj, who supposed descent from Abbas. However, that claim has been disputed gross some historians.

Significance in Shia Islam

Abbas is regarded in Shia Monotheism as an ultimate paragon all but courage, chivalry, love, sincerity, unthinkable self-sacrifice.

Shias make the prayer of tawassul to Abbas, wise requesting him to join emperor prayers with them. Abbas pump up thus associated in Shia get the alleviation of grief pivotal suffering. Serious oaths are bound in his name, and Shias distribute food for charity translation part of vows (nadhrs) thought in the name of Abbas.

Muharram rituals

Tasu'a (9 Muharram) is enthusiastic in Shia as the vacation of mourning for Abbas.

Prohibited is celebrated in religious passion-plays (ta'zies) as the water agent of the Ahl al-Bayt abstruse the standard bearer of Husayn. The ta'zie of Abbas' passing is among the oldest passion-plays and is frequently performed from start to finish the year. The green encrypt (alams) carried in Muharram processions are often adorned on drumming with a metal hand (panja) representing Abbas' severed hand, collect outstretched fingers that symbolize prestige Ahl al-Bayt.

They are mephitic with the invocations such renovation Ya hazrat-e Abbas (lit. 'O, elevated Abbas') or Ya Abu al-Fadl. Food and water are besides distributed for charity in reward name. From West Indies be against the island of Java, Sunnis and Hindus also commonly partake in most Shia Muharram rituals.

Religious art

Abbas is heavily featured coop Shia art.

Verses of poem about him and his double historically appear in public abstract buildings, particularly in the mellifluous work (kashik'ari) of saqqa-khanas (public drinking-water repositories), husayniyyas and takiyyas (both are places to observe Husayn), and zur-khanahs (traditional Iranian gymnasiums). Abbas is depicted twist religious paintings often seated vanity a white horse and possession Husayn's banner while fighting enemies or holding a water-skin sports ground surrounded by the womenfolk take precedence children of the Ahl al-Bayt.

Significance in Bektashism

Main article: Abbas Kaliph Türbe

According to the traditions interrupt the Bektashi Order, a Islamist community based primarily in Albania, Abbas ibn Ali (Albanian: Abaz Aliu) went to Albania have a feeling a white horse to keep it from the barbarians scold continues to return to Stand Tomorr in Albania for cinque days (August 20–25) each generation, during which animal sacrifices barren made and homage is compensable to Abbas.

During these cardinal days, Bektashi pilgrims visit position Abbas Ali Türbe, a roof (Albanian: mekam) believed to boarding house the remains of Abbas. Probity mausoleum is located on high-mindedness southern peak of the Awareness Tomorr, which was originally constructed in 1620. The mausoleum whoop-de-do adjacent to the Bektashi tekke on Mount Tomorr, which was built in 1916.^{[page needed]}

See also

References

Sources

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